Screening young people for obsessive–compulsive disorder

Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) in young people is underrecognised and undertreated. Simple screening tools suitable for general practice and community services are needed. We created a seven-item self-report Short OCD Screener (SOCS) and administered itto young people aged 11–15 years, including 116 patients with OCD, 181 healthy community controls and 33 young people with other psychiatric diagnoses.

The SOCS has excellent sensitivity of 0.97 (95% CI 0.91–0.98) to detect OCD cases. Its specificity is good in children without psychiatric diagnoses, but low in a psychiatric sample. The SOCS is a screening tool suitable for community but not specialist settings.

Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) commonly arises in childhood and adolescence (Heyman et al, 2001). Young people with the disorder perceive their symptoms as embarrassing and do not disclose them unless specifically asked.

Therefore, OCD in this age group often remains unrecognised and untreated. The associated distress and developmental handicap are avoidable as effective treatments are available, namely cognitive–behavioural therapy with or without serotonin reuptake inhibiting medication (Heyman et al, 2006). There is evidence that early detection and intervention improve outcome (Stewart et al, 2004).

The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidance on the assessment and treatment of OCD recommends routine screening of young people at risk in general practice or other settings where they may present for help (National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health, 2005). Such screening requires short, easy-to-use and widely available measures. We report on the development, validation and dissemination of such a self-report tool, the Short OCD Screener (SOCS).

The questionnaire was developed from the five most discriminant items of the 44-item child version of the Leyton Obsessional Inventory (Berg et al, 1986). These items enquire about common symptoms including checking, touching, cleanliness/washing, repeating and exactness. Two further questions were designed to gauge the associated impairment and resistance. A three-option response format (‘no’, ‘a bit’, or ‘a lot’) was used throughout. A SOCS score is calculated by summing the scores for all seven items (‘no’, 0, ‘a bit’, 1; ‘a lot’, 2).

We administered the SOCS to 127 individuals aged 11–15 years consecutively referred to the Clinic for Obsessive–Compulsive and Related Disorders at the Michael Rutter Centre, Maudsley Hospital, London. Of the 127 referred individuals, 114 met ICD–10 diagnostic criteria for OCD (World Health Organization, 1992), established by a comprehensive psychiatric assessment and the structured Child Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale (CY–BOCS; Scahill et al, 1997). The remaining 13 individuals received other ICD–10 diagnoses, including anxiety disorder (n=7), conduct disorder (n=4), hyperactivity (n=3) and depression (n=3). All participants completed the SOCS prior to clinical assessment.

We further administered the SOCS to a community sample of 203 children aged 11–15 years as a part of the British nationwide pilot survey of child and adolescent mental health (Goodman, 1999). Diagnoses of ICD–10 psychiatric disorders in the community sample were established using the Development and Well-Being Assessment (Goodman et al, 2000). Two of the individuals in this sample met diagnostic criteria for OCD and 20 had other ICD–10 diagnoses including conduct disorder (n=12), anxiety disorders (n=6), hyperkinetic disorder (n=3) and depression (n=2). The clinic and community samples were combined to obtain a group of 116 cases of OCD, including 72 boys and 44 girls with mean age 13.3 years (s.d.=1.3, range 11–15), mean duration of illness 3.3 years (s.d.=2.2, range 0.5–10) and mean total CY–BOCS impairment score 23.1 (s.d.= 5.0, range 15–40).

Three overlapping control groups were used. The first comparison group comprised the 181 individuals without any psychiatric diagnosis from the community sample, constituting the ‘pure healthy control’ group (mean age 13.0 years, s.d.= 1.4; 98 boys). This group was used to obtain estimates of how well the SOCS can discriminate OCD cases from healthy individuals. The second control group was also drawn from the community sample and consisted of healthy individuals and those with non-OCD psychiatric diagnoses, forming a ‘mixed community control’ group of 201 with a proportion of individuals with other psychiatric diagnoses representative of the general population (mean age 13.0 years, s.d.=1.4; 111 boys). This group was used to provide more realistic estimates of discrimination in a community setting. The third control group is a ‘psychiatric control’ group, included 33 individuals with a psychiatric diagnosis other than OCD from both the community and the clinic samples (mean age 13.1 years, s.d.=1.3; 20 boys); this group was used to explore whether the SOCS could discriminate OCD from other psychiatric disorders in clinical samples.

We used receiver operating characteristics analysis to establish optimal cut-offs for screening (Fombonne, 1991). The 95% confidence intervals for proportions were calculated using the efficient score method (Newcombe, 1998).

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ISOBEL HEYMAN
National Clinic for Young People with OCD, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust and Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London

Correspondence: Dr Isobel Heyman, Department of Child Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK. Tel: +44 (0)20 7740 5222; fax: +44 (0)20 7740 5011; email: i.heyman@iop.kcl.ac.uk